سنڌي ورچوئل لائبرري

In addition to the regular form and use of the Personal Pronouns as already explained, they are in Sindhi often expressed by being affixed to the Nouns, Verbs and Prepositions, with which they are used.

91. The Affixes thus used are:

These have no change for gender, nor in the 3^rd Person is there any distinction of affix for the proximate and remote demonstratives; but, as they generally affect the termination of the words to which they are attached, and have many different methods of use, it seems advisable to enter into some detail regarding them[3].

ATTACHED TO NOUNS

92. With Nouns the pronominal affixes are used in lieu of the genitive of Personal Pronouns, or what is similar, as Possessive Pronouns; thus, शइ छो वञे? जिअनि धण्यसि, मरनि चोरसि شيٰ ڇو وڃي؟ جِيئنِ ڌڻيسِ مرن چورسِ, ‘Why should the thing be lost? May its owners live, and the stealers of it die’; for हुन जा धणी هن جا ڌڻِي and हुन जा चोरهن جا چور . पिण्हे मूं खे चिओ, त घरिसि वञी कोठे अचिजांसि پِڻهي مون کي چئو ته گھرس وڃي ڪوٺي اچِجانسِ, ‘Thy father told me to go to his house, and call him’; for तुंहजे पिउ تُنهنجي پيءُ, and हुन जे घरि هُن جي گھرِ.
93. The following examples will show in what way the Pronoun affects the terminations of the Nouns given, in being attached to them, and these will serve as models in forming others. It should be remarked, that the plural of the 1^st Personal Pronouns is never thus attached to Nouns.

3^rd. DECLENSION

पोर्ह्यतिپورهيتِ  S. F. A Workwoman.

4^th. DECLENSION

बे॒लीٻيلي  S. M. A Servant.

5^th DECLENSION

डा॒डी॒ ڏاڏي  S. F. A Grandmother.

6^th DECLENSION

 पोर्ह्यतिپورهيت  S. M.  A Workman.

8^th DECLENSION

गुरूگُرُو  S. M. A Spiritual Guide.

9^th. DECLENSION

डा॒डो॒ڏاڏو  S. M. A Grandfather.

94. From these examples, the common and regular method of affixing the Personal Pronouns may be learned; but with some Nouns they cause irregularities. Among the principal of these are the following:

जोइ جوءِ, ‘a wife’; which has जोयमि, जोण्हमि جويمِ، جوڻهمِ, or जोण्हिमि جوڻهِمِ, ‘my wife’; जोये جويي, or जोण्हे جوڻهي, ‘thy wife’ &c.

पिउ پِئُه, ‘a father’, makes पिउमिپِئُمِ , पुआमिپُئامِ , पिण्हामि پِڻهامِ, or पिण्हिमि پِڻِهامِ, my father’; पिउइ پِئُئِه, पिआइپِئاءِ  or पिण्हे پِڻهي, ‘thy father’.

धिउ ڌيءُ, or धिअ ڌيءَ, ‘a daughter’, धिउमिڌيئُمِ , धियमिڌيامِ , धीणमिڌيڻمِ  or , धीणिमि ڌيڻِمِ, ‘my daughter’; धियइڌييئِه or धीणे ڌيڻي, ‘thy daughter.

भाउڀاءُ , ‘a brother’, भाउमि ڀائُمِ, भामि ڀامِ, भाणमिڀاڻمِ  or भाणिमिڀاڻِمِ, ‘my brother’; भाइڀاءِ  or भाणे ڀاڻي, ‘thy brother’ &c.

नुह نُهه, ‘a daughter in law’, नुहमि نُهمِ, नुहिणमिنُهِڻمِ  or , नुहिणिमि نُهِڻِمِ, ‘my daughter-in-law’ &c. नुहु نُهُه, Ditto, has नुहुमिنُهُمِ  &c.

पुफी پُڦي, ‘a father’s sister’; पुफ्यमि پُڦيمِ, पुफिणमि پُڦِڻمِ, or पुफिणिमिپُڦِڻِمِ , ‘my father’s sister’ &c.

माउ ماءُ, ‘a mother’, माउमि  مائُمِor , मामि مامِ, ‘my mother’; माण्हिमि खे ماڻهِمِ کي, ‘to my mother’ &c.

95. I would end this by remarking that the 1^st and 2^nd Personal Pronouns are not usually affixed to Substantives, except to such as are the names of kindred, trades, classes, and other such nouns referring solely to man.

ATTACHED TO VERBS

96. with verbs the Pronominal Affixes may stand for any case except the nominative; thus:

For the genitive; as, मिटु आंह्यांइँمِٽُ آنهيانءِ  (for तुंहुजो मिटु आंह्यां تُنهجو مٽ آنهيان), ‘I am your relative’.

For the dative; as काल्ह मूं ड॒ह रुपया डि॒नसि ڪالهه مون ڏهه رپيا ڏنسِ, (for हुन खे डि॒ना هن کي ڏنا), ‘I yesterday gave 10 Rupees to him’.

For the accusative; as, झलींसि جھلينسِ, हे मारेमि थो هي ماريمِ ٿو, (for हुन खे झलि, हे मूं खे मारे थो هن کي جھلِ، هي مون کي ماري ٿو), ‘Seize him, he beats me’.

For the ablative, with खां کان, &c. ‘from’; as सुभाणे वञिजि तूं सराफ वटि, अँउँ रुपया वठी अचिजांसि سُڀاڻي وڃِجِ تون صراف وٽِ، انئُه رپيا وٺي اچِجانسِ, (for हुन खां वठी अचिजि هن کان وٺي اچِجِ), ‘Go tomorrow to the banker, and bring the money from him’; डुकोڊُڪو , चोरु वञेव थो چورُ وڃيوَ ٿو, (for तव्हां खां वञे थो توهان کان وڃي ٿو), ‘Run, the thief is getting away from you’; يوَ चोरु तव्हां खे डि॒सी थो ड॒केव چورُ توهان کي ڏسي ٿو ڏڪ, (for तहां खां थो ड॒के تهان کان ٿو ڏڪي), ‘The thief seeing you, trembles at you.’

For the pronoun with वटि وٽِ, ‘near’, ‘with’; as घिउ अथसि  گِهئُه اٿسِ(for हुन वटि आहे هُن وٽ آهي)? ‘Has he any ghee?’

With मेँ ۾ or मंझि منجھِه, ‘in’; as, डि॒ओ थो विसामेڏيو ٿو وِسامي , तेलु विझींसि تيلُ وِجھينسِ, (for हुन मेँ विझु هُن ۾ وجھُه), ‘The lamp is going out, put oil in it.’

With सां سان, or साणु ساڻُ, ‘with’; as, अजो॒की राति गडि॒जी सुम्हींसि  اڄوڪي راتِ گڏجي سُمهينسِ(for हुन सां गडि॒जी सुम्हु هن سان گڏجي سُمهُه), ‘Sleep with him to night’.

With ते تي, or उते اُتي, ‘on’; as छो थो पाणी विझींमि  ڇو ٿو پاڻي وِجھينمِ(for मूं ते विझीं مون تي وِجھين)? ‘Why do you throw the water on me?’

With डे॒ ڏي, ‘towards’; as, हुन घणी देरि लाती आहे; तूं वञींसि, कोठे अचींसि هن گھڻي ديرِ لاتي آهي، تون وڃينسِ، ڪوٺي اچينسِ, (for हुन डे॒ वञुهُن ڏي وڃُ ) , ‘He has made great delay; go thou to him, and call him.’

With वास्ते واسطي, &c. ‘for’; as, आं वेठो हुंदोसांइँ, तूं अचिजि آن ويٺو هوندوسانئِه تون اچجِ, (for तुंहजे वास्ते वेठो हूंदुसि تُنهجي واسطي ويٺو هوندُسِ), ‘I shall remain waiting for you, so come.’

For the agent case with the past tenses of active verbs; as, घणा भेरा चिओमांसि, पर न मञांईँ گھڻا ڀيرا چِئومانسِ، پر نه مڃانئين, ‘I told him several times, but he did not attend.’ Here मञांईं مڃانئين stands for हुन मञ्यो هن مڃيو, and चिओमांसि چِئومانسِ, for मूं हुन खे चिओ مون هن کي چيئو. in the latter, both agent and object are affixed. Also मानी खाधीमांइ ماني کاڌيمانئِه, (for मूं तुंहुंजी मानी खाधी مون تنهنجي ماني کاڌي), ‘I have eaten your bread’; ही शइ वर्तमि هي شيءِ ورتمِ, (for हुन मूं खां वर्ती هن مون کان ورتي), ‘He took this thing from me’.

97. they sometimes appear to be affixed without any particular meaning, or simple as emphatic to point out some connection with another object; as, आं मार्जानि थो. हो कि माठि करे विहंदा? जरूरु ईंदा آن مارجانِ ٿو، هو ڪِ ماٺِ ڪري ويهندا؟ جرور (ضرور) ايندا, ‘I am being beaten. Do you think they will sit in silence? They will certainly come’. Here the नि نِ, attached to मार्जां مارجان, may mean ‘their servant’ or ‘companion’, showing some connection with the persons spoken of. आं मार्जांव थो, तहीं अचे छडा॒योमि آن مارجانوَ ٿو، تهين اچي ڇڏايومِ, ‘I am being beaten, come and release me.’ Here the व وَ, annexed to मार्जां مارجان, may refer to the person appealed to, as, ‘your friend’, ‘servant’ &c. or it might also mean ‘before you’, ‘in your presence’; हे उहोई माड़्हूं अथेईهي اُهو ئي ماڙهون اٿيئي , ‘This is that very man for thee’; हो उते अथव هي اُتي اَٿو, ‘He is there before you’, or ‘near you’.
98. The following table will show in what way the Pronouns are affixed to the different tenses, and persons of the Verb. It makes no difference what case they are put for or what proposition would be expressed with them were they used regularly.

Preterite Masculine होसिهوسِ , &c. with pronouns affixed

The Preterite Feminine हुयसि هُيَس, &c. with pronouns affixed.

The Future Masculine हूंदुसि هُوندُسِ, &c. with pronouns affixed.

The Future Feminine, हूंद्यसिهونديَسِ  &c. with pronouns affixed.

Potential Mood, Present Tense, हुआं هُئان, &c. with pronouns affixed.

99. The Tenses of the verb हुअणु هُئڻُ, here given, will suffice to exemplify this entire verb, the others being merely compounded with one or other of these and a participle, in which case the Pronouns remain affixed to the auxiliary as above; they are never annexed to the participle. The same rule holds in all tenses of active, passive and neuter, verbs, compounded with a participle, and any of the tenses of the auxiliaries. In the Present Indicative also, and 2^nd Preterite Imperfect, of these verbs the Pronoun is annexed to the body of the verb, not to the थो ٿو, and थे ٿي, attached. The tenses of हुअणु هئڻُ, above given, will serve also as models for other verbs. The pronouns may be annexed to all indicative and potential present tenses, in the same manner as is given with हुआं هُئان, and the futures of all verbs and Preterite tenses of passives and neuters, follow the same form as the future हुंदुसि هُندُسِ. the Preterite of active verbs requires a separate illustration; thus:
100. मार्यो ماريو, ‘I, thou &c. struck’ (in the masculine singular) with the personal pronouns as agents attached.

मारी ماري, (agreeing with its object in the feminine singular) with the personal pronouns as agents attached.

मार्या ماريا, (agreeing with its object in the masculine plural) with pronouns attached as above.

मार्यूं ماريون, (agreeing with its object in the feminine plural) with pronouns attached as above.

101.The pronoun, used as the object to the verb, is attached to the different genders and numbers of the preterite in the same manner as given above for the agent, except in the 3^rd persons singular and plural, which have another form: thus, with डि॒ना ڏِنا, ‘He gave’.

And for the plural pronoun हुननि खे هنن کي, the final सि سِ, becomes नि نِ. The pronoun here attached, may stand also for any other case except the agent, as मूं बा॒न्ही मारे विध्यसि مون ٻانهي ماري وِڌيَسِ, (for हुन जी बा॒न्ही मारे विधी هن جي ٻانهي ماري وڌي), ‘I killed his slave girl’.

102.The Past Tenses of Active Verbs in some of their persons, often have both the agent and object, where personal pronouns stand for these, affixed to them, the object being placed last; thus:

103.With the compound Preterite and Pluperfect, the pronouns are affixed to the auxiliaries आहेآهي , and होهو ; as:

And with both agent and object attached; thus:

And so on with the other persons.

104. The 1^st and 3^rd Personal Pronouns in the objective case are affixed to the 2^nd Person of the Imperative, in the same manner as to the 2^nd Person of the Present Potential, as, मारींसि[24]مارينسِ , ‘beat him’, for हुन खे मारि هن کي مار; लिंबीस لِنبِيس, ‘plaster it’ , for हुन खे लिंबु هن کي لِنبُ.

To the 2^nd Imperative they are attached thus:

AFFIXED TO PREPOSITIONS.

105. Instead of being placed before the Preposition, as is usual in Sindhi, as in Hindustani, the pronoun governed by the preposition may be affixed to it; thus, ही शइ वटिसि आहे هِي شيءِ وٽِسِ آهي, (for हुन वटि هُن وٽ) ‘This thing is with him’; or मेँसि आहे ,مينسِ آهي (for हुन मेँ هُن ۾) ‘is in it’; हे माण्हूं साणुमि गडि॒जी वटिव आयो आहे هي ماڻهو ساڻُمِ گڏجي وٽِوَ آيو آهي; सबबु खांउसि पुछो سببُ کانئُسِ پُڇو, (for मूं साणु مُون ساڻُ, तहां वटि تهان وٽِ, and उन्हे खां اُنهي کان), ‘This man has come with me to you; ask him why’.
106. A few examples will suffice to show the manner in which the Pronouns are affixed to Prepositions.

Affixed to साणुساڻُ  ‘with’

Affixed to खे کي, ‘to’

Affixed to उते اُتي, ‘upon’.

Affixed to खां کان, ‘from’

Affixed to declinable preposition संदो سندو, ‘of’

107. the pronouns are never affixed to the genitive preposition जो جو, ‘of’ and to many of the other prepositions only the 3^rd Personal Pronouns will be ever found subjoined[26].

[1] सींسِين  and सूंسُون  are used indiscriminately. In the examples which follow where only one is given, the other must be considered as also allowable. सींسِين , too, is by north country people often made सेंسين .

[2] आंईंآنئين , and आंऊंآنئون , are only found with the preterites of active verbs.

[3] This custom of affixing the Presonal Pronouns seems to haves sprung from the Arabic. It is also found in the Persian, but the learner will see how much more copiously in Sindhi than in either of those tongues. There is scarcely a sentence a Sindhi speaks, in which one or more of the Pronouns are not so affixed, and it is therefore advisable that much attention should be paid to this point. At the same time I would not advise the learner to labor much over the following tables in trying to commit them to memory. It will be quite enough to ascertain from them the correct manner of affixing the pronouns. Attention to conversation, and practice in speaking, will gradually make him skilful in using them.

[4] Or by some, पोर्ह्यतिन्युँइ پورهيتِنيُن.

[5] Or by some, बे॒ल्यहिं ٻيليَهِن

[6] or by some, बे॒ल्युन्युँइ ٻيليُنيُنئِه

[7] Or by some, डा॒डि॒युनिहिं ڏاڏِيُنِهِن.

[8] Or by some, गुरनिहिं گُرنِهِن.

[9] The People to the north of Sindh generally use इ for अ اَ, in the penultimate syllable; saying, डा॒डि॒म ڏاڏِمِ, डा॒डि॒सिڏاڏِسِ  &c.

[10] or by some, डा॒ड॒निहिं ڏاڏنِهِن.

[11] Where blanks are left, they are wanting. It will be found always so where the Pronoun would refer to the nominative case to the verb, or in other words where पाणپاڻ , ‘self’ would be used for the object. See before note to Para. 88.

[12] हूंदें هوندين, too, is sometimes used.

[13] Or हूंदउसीं هوندئُسِين .

[14] हूंदां هوندان, too, is sometimes used.

[15] Or by some , हुंएंमि هُنئينمِ, हुंएंसि هُنئينسِ, &c.

[16] by some हुअनूं هُئنُون.

[17] or sometimes मार्यै ماريي.

[18] or sometimes मार्यां ماريان.

[19] or मार्ये ماريي.

[20] These may stand also for any other case; thus, घरु ग॒हु रख्योमांसि, सो वराए डि॒ए न थोگھر ڳهه رکيومانسِ، سو ورائي ڏِئي نه ٿو , (for मूं हुन वटि रख्योمون هن وٽ رکيو), ‘I mortgaged the house to him, but he will not give it back’.

[21] Also मार्योईंमिماريوئِنمِ , मार्योईंसिماريوئِنسِ, मार्योईंवماريوئِنوَ , and मार्योईंनिماريوئِننِ.

[22] A change in the gender, or number of the verb, causes no alteration from the form given above, where the agent pronoun attached is of the 3^rd Person; but when of the others, it changes regularly with the gender and number. Thus, डि॒नीमांइँڏنِيمانئِن for मूं तो खेمون تو کي  &c. डि॒नीڏني , डि॒नामांइँڏِنامانئِن  for मूं तो खे डि॒ना مون تو کي ڏِنا, and डि॒न्यूंमांइँڏِنيُونمانئِن  for मूं तो खे डि॒न्यूं مون تو کي ڏِنيُون, and so with other Pronouns, merely altering the sign for the different persons.

[23] In the 1^st & 2^nd Person, these are the same as given above in Para. 98, and with the compound preterite the 3^rd Person as agent is also the same; but with the pluperfect it takes the form here given, हुआईं هُئائين, and हुआंऊं هُئائُون.

[24] Or by some मारेंसि مارينسِ, and लिंबेंसि لِنبينسِ.

[25] except in poetry, संदोسندو , is rarely used with a noun, or with a pronoun other than affixed as above. For the declension and use of this Preposition,  See para. 166.

[26] Some do not shorten the final long vowel, saying संदोनि سندونِ, not संदुनि سندُنِ, for हुननि संदो هُننِ سندو, ‘of them’. So also in the verbs, they use हूंदामि هوندامِ, not हूंदमि هُوندمِ, for मूं खे हूंदा مون کي هُوندا, गडि॒यासि گڏياسِ, not गडि॒यसि گڏيسِ, ‘they met him’, विधोइ وِڌوءِ, not विधुइ وِڌُءِ, for तो विधो تو وِڌو, ‘thou cast’; &c.