ڪتاب جو نالو | A Grammar Of The Sindhi Language |
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ليکڪ | Captain George Stack |
ڇپائيندڙ | سنڌي ٻوليءَ جو بااختيار ادارو |
ISBN | 978-969-9098-75-8 |
قيمت | 150 روپيا |
ڪتاب ڊائونلوڊ ڪريو | PDF (1737) E-Pub |
انگ اکر | 11 December 2017 تي اپلوڊ ڪيو ويو | 19312 ڀيرا پڙهيو ويو |
These are very numerous, but it does not seem necessary to enter into much detail regarding them, I shall give merely some of the most common forms.
चङाईچڱائي |
Goodness |
from चङोچڱو Good. |
अछाईاڇائي |
Whiteness |
from अछोاڇو White. |
अछाणिاڇاڻِ |
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अछाइणिاڇائڻِ |
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गर्मीگرمي |
Heat |
from गर्मु گرمُWarm. |
डा॒हपڏاهپ |
Wisdom |
from डा॒होڏاهو Wise |
घटिताگھٽِتا |
Deficiency |
from घटिگھٽ Deficient. |
घटितीگھٽتي |
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घटिताईگھٽتائي |
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साधाईساڌائي |
Sacred character from साधुساڌُ Pious. |
|
साधिपाईساڌِپائي |
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साधिपीساڌِپي |
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साधिपोساڌپو |
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साधपणुساڌپڻُ |
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साधपणोساڌپڻو |
173.FORMED FROM OTHER NOUNS.
मुर्सीمُرسي |
Manliness |
from मुर्सुمُرسُ A man. |
माण्हुआईماڻهُئائي |
Humanity |
from माण्हूं ماڻهونA human being. |
माण्हिपोماڻهِپو |
|
|
माण्हिपाईماڻهِپائي |
|
|
माण्हुअपणोماڻهُئپڻو |
|
|
माण्हुअपणुماڻهُئپڻُ |
|
कटڪٽ |
Deducting |
from |
कटणुڪٽڻُ |
To deduct. |
मटمٽ |
Changing |
from |
मटणुمٽڻُ |
To change |
वेड़्हुويڙهُه |
Surrounding |
from |
वेड़्हणुويڙهڻُ |
To surround. |
लाहुلاهُه |
Descending from |
from |
लाहणुلاهڻُ |
To descend |
चाड़्होچاڙهو |
Increase |
from |
चड़्हणुچڙهڻُ |
To rise |
घाटोگھاٽو , घाटिگھاٽِ |
Decrease |
from |
घटणुگھٽڻُ |
To lessen |
भरिणोڀرِڻو |
Filling |
from |
भरणुڀرڻُ |
To fill |
खपतिکپت |
Expenditure |
from |
खपणुکپڻُ |
To expend |
थिअणीٿيئڻي |
Being |
from |
थिअणुٿيڻُ |
To be |
रँधिणीرنڌِڻي |
Cooking |
from |
रँधणुرنڌڻُ |
To cook |
वञणुوڃڻُ |
Going |
from |
वञणुوڃڻُ |
To go |
डि॒अणुڏيئڻُ |
Giving |
from |
डि॒अणुڏيڻُ |
To give |
The last two forms are found with all Verbs.
घरवारोگھروارو |
A master of house |
from |
घरुگھرُ |
A house. |
मेंह्युनिवारो مينهيُن وارو |
A keeper of buffaloes |
from |
मेहिميهِه |
A buffaloe |
धनारुڌنار |
A herdsman |
from |
धणुڌڻُ |
A herd of cattle. |
ब॒किरारुٻڪرارُ |
A goatherd |
from |
ब॒किरीٻڪري |
a goat |
ओठीاوٺي |
A camelherd |
from |
उठुاُٺُ |
A camel |
बागाई باگائي (باغائي) |
A gardener |
from |
बागुباگُ(باغ) |
A garden |
बाकिरीباڪِري |
A seller of vegetables |
from |
बकरुبڪرُ |
Vegetables |
ठोकिरीٺوڪِري |
A seller of earthenware |
from |
ठिकरुٺڪرُ |
Earthenware |
पोर्ह्यतुپورهيتُ |
A labourer |
from |
पोर्ह्योپورهيو |
Labor |
दाँहीدانهي |
A complainant |
from |
दाँहدانهه |
A complaint |
सेंधोسينڌو |
A friend |
from |
सेंधिسينڌِ |
Friendship |
सोनारोسونارو |
A goldsmith |
from |
सोनुسونُ |
Gold. |
हाञूهاڃُو |
A destroyer |
from |
हाञिهاڃِ |
Injury |
वाहरूواهرو |
An aider |
from |
वाहरواهر |
Aid |
हल्वाईحلوائي |
A confectioner |
from |
हल्वोحلوو |
The sweetmeat |
लुहरुلُهرُ |
A blacksmith |
from |
लोहुلوهه |
iron |
लिखणहारुلکڻهارُ |
A writer |
from |
लिखणुلکڻُ |
To write. |
लिखणहारोلکڻهارو |
|
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डि॒अणवारोڏيڻ وارو |
A giver |
from |
डि॒अणुڏيڻُ |
To give |
वठणवारोوٺڻ وارو |
A taker |
from |
वठणुوٺڻُ |
To take |
कंदड़ुڪندڙُ |
A doer |
from |
करणुڪرڻُ |
To do |
छिकींदड़ुڇڪيندڙُ |
A suiter |
from |
छिकणुڇڪڻُ |
To pull |
भोलूڀولو |
A simpleton |
from |
भुलणुڀُلڻُ |
To err |
खाऊکائو |
A glutton |
from |
खाइणुکائڻُ |
To eat |
डि॒अण्यातुڏِئڻيات |
A giver |
from |
डि॒अणुڏيڻُ |
To give |
गा॒इकुڳائڪُ |
A singer |
from |
गा॒इणुڳائڻُ |
To sing |
पीञारोپيڃارو |
A cleaner of cotton |
from |
पिञणुپڃڻُ |
To card cotton |
वाढोواڍو |
A carpenter |
from |
वढणुوڍڻُ |
To cut |
वेठलुويٺلُ |
A resident |
from |
विहणुوِهڻُ |
To reside. |
रहाकूرهاڪو |
from |
रहणुرهڻُ |
The first four forms given here, of हारुهارُ , हारोهارو , वारोوارو and दड़ुدڙُ follow generally from all verbs. The next, in which the termination is ऊئُو may be formed from all transitives, and some intransitives also.
बेड़ीٻيڙي |
A boat |
from |
बे॒ड़ीٻيڙو |
A large boat. |
दरीدري |
A window or small door |
from |
दरुدرُ |
A door. |
मछीمڇي |
A fish |
from |
मछुمڇُ |
A large fish. |
पुटिड़ोپُٽڙو |
A little son |
from |
पुटुپُٽُ |
A son. |
धिअड़ीڌيئڙي |
A little daughter |
from |
धिउڌِءُ (ڌيءُ) |
A daughter. |
थोरिड़ोٿورڙو |
Very few |
from |
थोरोٿورو |
Few |
नंढिड़ोننڍڙو |
Very small |
from |
नंढोننڍو |
Small |
थुल्हिड़ोٿلهڙو |
Thickish |
from |
थुल्होٿلهو |
Thick. |
This last form or Diminutive, terminating in ड़ोڙو may be used in general with all nouns and adjectives. Many adjectives admit of two other forms, also; thus, थोरेरोٿوريرو or थोरेरिड़ोٿوريرِڙو , नंढेरोننڍيرو or नंढेरिड़ोننڍيرِڙو , थुल्हेरोٿلهيرو or थुल्हेरिड़ोٿلهيرڙو. These are generally used for comparison with other objects, or to show more or less than what is wont or required. The first form should then be translated’, ‘less’ or ‘too little’, ‘smaller or too small’. The 2nd is a diminutive of this, and would signify ‘somewhat too little’, &c.
अणडि॒ठो اڻ ڏِٺو |
Unseen |
from अणاڻ |
and डि॒ठोڏٺو |
Seen |
अधर्मीاڌرمي |
Impious |
from अاَ |
and धर्मीڌرمي |
Pious |
निर्दईنردئي |
Unmerciful |
from निنِ |
and दयाديا |
Mercy |
निभागो॒نِڀاڳو |
unfortunate |
from निنِ |
and भागु॒ڀاڳُ |
Fortune |
नाचङोناچڱو |
unwell |
from नाنا |
and चङोچڱو |
Well |
बेगुणोبيگُڻو |
Ungrateful |
from बेبي |
and गुणुگُڻُ |
Right |
नाहक़ुناحقُ |
Injustice |
from नाنا |
and हक़ुحقُ |
Kindness |
लाचारुلاچارُ |
Helpless |
from लाلا |
and चारोچارو |
Remedy |
नखटूنکٽُو |
Unproductive |
from नنه |
and खटूکٽُو |
Earning |
मखटूمکٽُو |
from मمَ |
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रेकमोريڪمو |
idle |
from रेري |
and कमुڪمُ |
Work |
सुسُ and कुڪُ are commonly prefixed, signifying ‘good’ and ‘bad’; as सुपत्योسُپتيو ‘honest’; कुपत्योڪُپتيو ‘dishonest’, from पतिپتِ honor. औاو or अवاَوَ is also prefixed to many words with same signification as कुڪُ ; as, औतड़ुاَوتڙُ or अवतड़ुاَوتڙُ ‘a bad landing place’, from तड़ुتڙُ ‘a landing place’. The prefix सس signifies possession, as सपुदोسپُدو ‘one having a son’; सभागो॒سڀاڳو ‘lucky’.
खणाणीکڻاڻي Expense for carrying from खणणु کڻڻُ‘To lift’.
चाराणीچاراڻي Expense of grazing from चारणुچارڻُ ‘To graze’.
धुआरिणीڌُئارِڻي Wages for washing from धुअणुڌُئڻُ ‘To wash’.
आडु॒आणीآڏُئاڻي |
The son or descendant |
of आडू॒آڏُو |
सीतलाणीسيتلاڻي |
Ditto |
of सीतलुسيتلُ |
शहदादाणीشهداداڻي |
Ditto |
of शहदादुشهدادُ |
बागाणीباگڻي |
Ditto. |
of बागोباگو |
वाणिकोواڻِڪو |
Of a Hindoo |
from वाण्योواڻيو |
A Hindoo |
|
हाणोकोهاڻوڪو |
Of the present time |
from हाणेهاڻي |
Now |
|
रातोकोراتوڪو |
Of last night |
from रातिراتِ |
Night |
|
रातूणोراتوڻو |
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डा॒डा॒णोڏاڏاڻو |
Of a father’s father |
from डा॒डो॒ڏاڏو |
A paternal grandfather. |
|
फकीराणोفقيراڻو |
Of a fukeer |
from फकीरुفقيرُ |
A fukeer. |
|
साखाइतोساکائتو |
Honorable |
from साखساک |
Honor |
|
काराइतोڪارائتو |
Useful |
from कारिڪارِ |
Use |
|
पाण्याठोپاڻياٺو |
Damp |
from पाणीپاڻي |
Water |
|
वार्यासोوارياسو |
Sandy |
from वारीواري |
Sand |
|
थारेलोٿريلو |
Of the Thur |
from थरुٿرُ |
The Thur or desert |
|
छापिरूڇاپِرُو |
Of the hills |
from छपरुڇپرُ |
The highlands |
|
बाखिरूباکِرُو |
Of Bukhur |
from बखरुبکرُ |
Bukhur |
|
धर्माऊڌرمائُو |
Given in charity |
from धर्मुڌرمُ |
Charity |
|
शर्माऊشرمائُو |
Modest |
from शर्मुشرمُ |
Modesty |
|
पुटेतोپُٽيتو |
One having a son |
from पुटुپُٽُ |
A son |
|
दयाबानुديابانُ |
Merciful |
from दयाديا |
Mercy |
|
दयालुديالُ |
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डु॒हारीڏُهاري |
Criminal |
from डो॒हुڏوهُه |
Crime |
|
उञायोاُڃايو |
Thirsty |
from उञاُڃ |
Thirst |
|
सघोسگھو |
Strong |
from सघسگھه |
Strength |
|
सघारोسگھارو |
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आन्यारोآنيارو |
With eggs (a fish) |
from आनीآني |
Eggs (of a fish) |
|
भागि॒योڀاڳِيو |
Fortunate |
from भागु॒ڀاڳُ |
Fortune |
|
बा॒किरोٻاڪِرو |
Of a goat |
from ब॒किरीٻڪِرِي |
A goat |
|
गा॒ओڳائو |
Of a cow |
from गं॒उँ ڳنۡئُنۡ (ڳئون) |
A cow |
|
माह्योماهيو |
Of a buffuloe |
from मेंहिمينهِه |
A buffaloe |
|
लाड़ाईلاڙائي |
Of lar |
from लाड़ुلاڙُ |
The country of Lar. |
|
लाड़ीلاڙي |
|
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गो॒ठाईڳوٺائي , गो॒ठीڳوٺي |
Of same village |
from गो॒ठुڳوٺُ |
A village |
|
पाड़ेचोپاڙيچو |
Of same neighbourhood |
from पाड़ोپاڙو |
A quarter of a town. |
|
डु॒खीڏُکي |
Painful |
from डु॒खुڏُکُ |
Pain |
|
माठीणोماٺيڻو |
Silent |
from माठिماٺِ |
Silence |
|
डं॒दिरुڏندرُ |
One having large teeth |
from डं॒दुڏندُ |
A tooth |
|
खाब॒ड़ुکاٻڙُ |
Left handed |
from खबो॒کٻو |
The left hand |
|
वाधूواڌُو |
More |
from वधणुوڌڻُ |
To increase |
|
तगा॒ऊتڳائُو |
Durable |
from तग॒णुتڳڻُ |
To last. |
|
Root. |
Number or quantity. |
Size |
Kind. |
Manner. |
Place. |
Direction. |
Time |
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Largeness |
Smallness. |
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ए اٖي
|
एतिरो ايتِرو |
एडो॒ ايڏو |
एडि॒ड़ो ايڏِڙو |
इहड़ो اهڙو |
एंइँ اينئِن |
इते اِتيor इथेاِٿي |
एडे॒ايڏي or एड॒हों[1]ايڏهون |
एसीं[2] ايسين |
हिंअर هينئر now. |
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And |
And |
And |
And |
And |
And |
And |
And |
And |
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हेهي |
हेतिरो هيتِرو |
हेडो॒ هيڏو |
हेडि॒ड़ो هيڏِڙو |
हिअड़ो هِئڙو |
हिँअ هِنئَه |
हितेهِتي or हितिهِتِ |
हेडे॒هيڏي or हेड॒होंهيڏهون |
हेसीं هيسين |
|||||
This |
This much. |
As large as this |
As small as this. |
Of this kind |
In this way |
Here. |
In this direction |
So long |
|
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ओ او |
ओतिरो اوتِرو |
ओडो॒ اوڏو |
ओडि॒ड़ो اوڏِڙو |
उहड़ो اُهڙو |
उँएँ اُنئين |
उतेاُتي or उथेاُٿي |
ओडो॒ اوڏوor ओडि॒ड़ोاوڏِڙو |
ओसीं اوسين |
|
||||
And |
And |
And |
And |
And |
And |
And |
And |
And |
|
|
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होهو |
होतिरो هوتِرو |
होडो॒ هوڏو |
होडि॒ड़ो هوڏِڙو |
हुअड़ो هُئڙو |
हुँअ هُنئَه |
हुतेهُتي or हुतिهُتِ |
होडो॒ هوڏوor होड॒होंهوڏهون |
होसीं هوسين |
|
|
|||
That |
That much. |
As large as that |
As small as that |
Of that kind |
In that way |
there |
In that direction |
So long |
|
|
|||
जोجو |
जेतिरो جيتِرو |
जेडो॒ جيڏو |
जेडि॒ड़ो جيڏِڙو |
जिहड़ो جهڙو |
जिँअ جِنئَه |
जितेجِتِ or जिथे[3] جِٿي |
जेडे॒ جيڏيor जेड॒होंجيڏهون |
जेसीं جيسين |
जड॒हीं[4] جڏهين |
जड॒होको[5] جڏهوڪو |
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What |
As much |
As large |
As small |
Of such kind |
In whatever way |
Where |
In whatever direction |
As long. |
When. |
From such time as |
|||
सोسو |
सोतिरो سوتِرو |
तेडो॒ تيڏو |
तेडि॒ड़ो تيڏِڙو |
तिहड़ो تهڙو |
तिँअ تِنئَه |
तिते تِتي or तिथेتِٿي |
तेडे॒ تيڌي or तेड॒होंتيڏهون |
तेसीं تيسين |
तड॒हीं تڏهين |
तड॒होको تڏهوڪو |
|||
That |
So much |
So large |
So small |
Of same kind |
In that way |
There. |
In same direction |
So long. |
Then. |
From that time. |
|||
केरुڪيرُ |
केतिरो[6] ڪيتِرو |
केडो॒ ڪيڏو |
केडि॒ड़ो ڪيڏِڙو |
किहड़ो ڪهڙو |
किँअ ڪِنئَه |
किथेڪِٿي |
केडे॒ ڪيڏيor केड॒होंڪيڏهون |
केसीं ڪيسين |
कड॒हीं ڪڏهين |
कड॒होको ڪڏهوڪو |
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Who? |
How much? |
How large? |
How small? |
Of what kind? |
In what way? |
Where? |
In what direction? |
How long? |
When? |
Since when? |
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183.COMPOUNDS OF VERBS
INTENSITIVES. Formed by using the past conjuctive participle with वञुوڃُ ‘to go’; as रहिजी वञणुرهجي وڃڻُ ‘to be left’; पेही वञणुپيهي وڃڻُ ‘to penetrate’ or with विझणुوِجھڻُ ‘to cast’, as मारे विझणुماري وجھڻُ ‘to kill’; फाड़े विझणुڦاڙي وجھڻُ ‘to tear up’; or with छड॒णुڇڏڻُ ‘to abandon’; as, वठी छड॒णुوٺي ڇڏڻُ ‘to take’; मेड़े छड॒णुميڙي ڇڏڻُ ‘to sweep up’ or with डि॒अणुڏيڻُ ‘to give’ as चई डि॒अणुچئي ڏيڻُ ‘to tell’; उछ्लाए डि॒अणुاُڇلائي ڏيڻُ ‘to throw away’.
By prefixing पिओپِئو the past participle of पवणु پوڻُ‘to fall’, to the present tenses of other verbs or पईپئي or पेईپيئي , its past conjunctive participle, to their past tenses; as पिओ रहेپئو رهي ‘let it remain’; पिआ लिखनिپِئا لکن ‘let them write’; काल्ह हिननि सजो॒ डिं॒हु पेइ खाधोڪالهه هنن سڄو ڏينهن پئي کاڌو ‘they ate all day yesterday’.
IMPLYING HASTE as, खाई वठुکائي وٺُ ‘eat up quick’, लिखी वठंदोلکي وٺندو , ‘he will write it off’.
POTENTIALS; as करे सघणुڪري سگھڻُ ‘to be able to do’. जे आंउँ मारे सघांसि, त मार्यांجي آئون ماري سگھانسِ، ته ماريان ‘if I could beat him, I would.’
COMPLETIVES as खाई रहणुکائي رهڻُ ‘to have done eating’; लिखी वठणुلِکي وٺڻُ ‘to have finished writing’.
CONTINUATIVES. By using the present participle with the verb रहणुرهڻُ as पड़्हंदो रहणुپڙهندو رهڻُ ‘to continue reading’, or with वतणुوتڻُ ‘to wander’; as, खाइंदो थो वतेکائندو ٿو وتي ‘he goes on eating’; बकंदो वतंदोبڪندو وتندو ‘he will keep on prating’.
INCEPTIVES. By using the verb लग॒णुلڳڻُ ‘to come in contact’, ‘to apply’, with an inflected infinitive, as करणु लग॒णुڪرڻُ لڳڻ ‘to begin to do’; पड़्हणु लग॒णुپڙهڻُ لڳڻُ ‘to begin to learn’.
[1] Also एड॒हांايڏهان , एडँ॒हँايڏنهن , एडां॒हींايڏانهين , एडां॒होंايڏانهون &c. each of which forms runs through the whole series.
[2] This set is generally used with तांईंتائين , तोणीتوڻي or some of the other prepositions for ‘up to’, ‘till’, as, एसीतांईंايسيتائين &c. It also refers to distance, and should then be translated ‘so far’, &c.
[3] Also जातेجاتي , जाथेجاٿي , जतेجتي , जथेجٿي , जतिجتِ , जितिجِتِ , जिथिجِٿِ . The Correlative and Interrogative, too, take all these forms.
[4] Or जडिँ॒हिँجڏنهن , तडिँ॒हिँتڏنهن &c.
[5] or जड॒हाकुरجڏهاڪُر , तड॒हाकुरتڏهاڪُر &c.
[6] कँओंڪَنۡئوۡن ‘which’ or ‘what number’ is used referring to one number of figure among several.