A Grammar Of The Sindhi Language

ڪتاب جو نالو A Grammar Of The Sindhi Language
ليکڪ Captain George Stack
ڇپائيندڙ سنڌي ٻوليءَ جو بااختيار ادارو
ISBN 978-969-9098-75-8
قيمت 150    روپيا
ڪتاب ڊائونلوڊ ڪريو  PDF  (1737) E-Pub
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11 December 2017    تي اپلوڊ ڪيو ويو    |     19312   ڀيرا پڙهيو ويو

CHAPTER X. OF DERIVATIVES AND COMPOUNDS.


These are very numerous, but it does not seem necessary to enter into much detail regarding them, I shall give merely some of the most common forms.

ABSTRACT NOUNS.

  1. FORMED FROM ADJECTIVES.

चङाईچڱائي

Goodness

from चङोچڱو  Good.

अछाईاڇائي

Whiteness

from अछोاڇو  White.

अछाणिاڇاڻِ

अछाइणिاڇائڻِ

गर्मीگرمي

Heat

from गर्मु  گرمُWarm.

डा॒हपڏاهپ

Wisdom

from डा॒होڏاهو  Wise

घटिताگھٽِتا

Deficiency

from घटिگھٽ  Deficient.

घटितीگھٽتي

घटिताईگھٽتائي

साधाईساڌائي

Sacred character from साधुساڌُ  Pious.

साधिपाईساڌِپائي

साधिपीساڌِپي

साधिपोساڌپو

साधपणुساڌپڻُ

साधपणोساڌپڻو

173.FORMED FROM OTHER NOUNS.

मुर्सीمُرسي

Manliness

from मुर्सुمُرسُ  A man.

माण्हुआईماڻهُئائي

Humanity

from माण्हूं  ماڻهونA human being.

माण्हिपोماڻهِپو

 

माण्हिपाईماڻهِپائي

 

माण्हुअपणोماڻهُئپڻو

 

माण्हुअपणुماڻهُئپڻُ

 

  1. FORMED FROM VERBS OR VERBAL ROOTS.

कटڪٽ

Deducting

from

कटणुڪٽڻُ

To deduct.

मटمٽ

Changing

from

मटणुمٽڻُ

To change

वेड़्हुويڙهُه

Surrounding

from

वेड़्हणुويڙهڻُ

To surround.

लाहुلاهُه

Descending from

from

लाहणुلاهڻُ

To descend

चाड़्होچاڙهو

Increase

from

चड़्हणुچڙهڻُ

To rise

घाटोگھاٽو , घाटिگھاٽِ

Decrease

from

घटणुگھٽڻُ

To lessen

भरिणोڀرِڻو

Filling

from

भरणुڀرڻُ

To fill

खपतिکپت

Expenditure

from

खपणुکپڻُ

To expend

थिअणीٿيئڻي

Being

from

थिअणुٿيڻُ

To be

रँधिणीرنڌِڻي

Cooking

from

रँधणुرنڌڻُ

To cook

वञणुوڃڻُ

Going

from

वञणुوڃڻُ

To go

डि॒अणुڏيئڻُ

Giving

from

डि॒अणुڏيڻُ

To give

The last two forms are found with all Verbs.

NOUNS OF AGENCY.

  1. FORMED FROM NOUNS.

घरवारोگھروارو

A master of house

from

घरुگھرُ

A house.

मेंह्युनिवारो

مينهيُن وارو

A keeper of buffaloes

from

मेहिميهِه

A buffaloe

धनारुڌنار

A herdsman

from

धणुڌڻُ

A herd of cattle.

ब॒किरारुٻڪرارُ

A goatherd

from

ब॒किरीٻڪري

a goat

ओठीاوٺي

A camelherd

from

उठुاُٺُ

A camel

बागाई

باگائي (باغائي)

A gardener

from

बागुباگُ(باغ)

A garden

बाकिरीباڪِري

A seller of vegetables

from

बकरुبڪرُ

Vegetables

ठोकिरीٺوڪِري

A seller of earthenware

from

ठिकरुٺڪرُ

Earthenware

पोर्ह्यतुپورهيتُ

A labourer

from

पोर्ह्योپورهيو

Labor

दाँहीدانهي

A complainant

from

दाँहدانهه

A complaint

सेंधोسينڌو

A friend

from

सेंधिسينڌِ

Friendship

सोनारोسونارو

A goldsmith

from

सोनुسونُ

Gold.

हाञूهاڃُو

A destroyer

from

हाञिهاڃِ

Injury

वाहरूواهرو

An aider

from

वाहरواهر

Aid

हल्वाईحلوائي

A confectioner

from

हल्वोحلوو

The sweetmeat

लुहरुلُهرُ

A blacksmith

from

लोहुلوهه

iron

  1. FORMED FROM VERBS.

लिखणहारुلکڻهارُ

A writer

from

लिखणुلکڻُ

To write.

लिखणहारोلکڻهارو

 

डि॒अणवारोڏيڻ وارو

A giver

from

डि॒अणुڏيڻُ

To give

वठणवारोوٺڻ وارو

A taker

from

वठणुوٺڻُ

To take

कंदड़ुڪندڙُ

A doer

from

करणुڪرڻُ

To do

छिकींदड़ुڇڪيندڙُ

A suiter

from

छिकणुڇڪڻُ

To pull

भोलूڀولو

A simpleton

from

भुलणुڀُلڻُ

To err

खाऊکائو

A glutton

from

खाइणुکائڻُ

To eat

डि॒अण्यातुڏِئڻيات

A giver

from

डि॒अणुڏيڻُ

To give

गा॒इकुڳائڪُ

A singer

from

गा॒इणुڳائڻُ

To sing

पीञारोپيڃارو

A cleaner of cotton

from

पिञणुپڃڻُ

To card cotton

वाढोواڍو

A carpenter

from

वढणुوڍڻُ

To cut

वेठलुويٺلُ

A resident

from

विहणुوِهڻُ

To reside.

रहाकूرهاڪو

from

रहणुرهڻُ

The first four forms given here, of हारुهارُ , हारोهارو , वारोوارو  and दड़ुدڙُ  follow generally from all verbs. The next, in which the termination is ئُو  may be formed from all transitives, and some intransitives also.

  1. DIMINUTIVES.

बेड़ीٻيڙي

A boat

from

बे॒ड़ीٻيڙو

A large boat.

दरीدري

A window or small door

from

दरुدرُ

A door.

मछीمڇي

A fish

from

मछुمڇُ

A large fish.

पुटिड़ोپُٽڙو

A little son

from

पुटुپُٽُ

A son.

धिअड़ीڌيئڙي

A little daughter

from

धिउڌِءُ (ڌيءُ)

A daughter.

थोरिड़ोٿورڙو

Very few

from

थोरोٿورو

Few

नंढिड़ोننڍڙو

Very small

from

नंढोننڍو

Small

थुल्हिड़ोٿلهڙو

Thickish

from

थुल्होٿلهو

Thick.

This last form or Diminutive, terminating in ड़ोڙو  may be used in general with all nouns and adjectives. Many adjectives admit of two other forms, also; thus, थोरेरोٿوريرو  or थोरेरिड़ोٿوريرِڙو , नंढेरोننڍيرو  or नंढेरिड़ोننڍيرِڙو , थुल्हेरोٿلهيرو  or थुल्हेरिड़ोٿلهيرڙو. These are generally used for comparison with other objects, or to show more or less than what is wont or required. The first form should then be translated’, ‘less’ or ‘too little’, ‘smaller or too small’. The 2nd is a diminutive of this, and would signify ‘somewhat too little’, &c.

  1. NEGATIVE AND OTHER PREFIXES

अणडि॒ठो

اڻ ڏِٺو

Unseen

from अणاڻ

and डि॒ठोڏٺو

Seen

अधर्मीاڌرمي

Impious

from अاَ

and धर्मीڌرمي

Pious

निर्दईنردئي

Unmerciful

from निنِ

and दयाديا

Mercy

निभागो॒نِڀاڳو

unfortunate

from निنِ

and भागु॒ڀاڳُ

Fortune

नाचङोناچڱو

unwell

from नाنا

and चङोچڱو

Well

बेगुणोبيگُڻو

Ungrateful

from बेبي

and गुणुگُڻُ

Right

नाहक़ुناحقُ

Injustice

from नाنا

and हक़ुحقُ

Kindness

लाचारुلاچارُ

Helpless

from लाلا

and चारोچارو

Remedy

नखटूنکٽُو

Unproductive

from नنه

and खटूکٽُو

Earning

मखटूمکٽُو

from मمَ

रेकमोريڪمو

idle

from रेري

and कमुڪمُ

Work

सुسُ  and कुڪُ  are commonly prefixed, signifying ‘good’ and ‘bad’; as सुपत्योسُپتيو  ‘honest’; कुपत्योڪُپتيو  ‘dishonest’, from पतिپتِ  honor. او  or अवاَوَ  is also prefixed to many words with same signification as कुڪُ ; as, औतड़ुاَوتڙُ  or अवतड़ुاَوتڙُ  ‘a bad landing place’, from तड़ुتڙُ  ‘a landing place’. The prefix س  signifies possession, as सपुदोسپُدو  ‘one having a son’; सभागो॒سڀاڳو  ‘lucky’.

  1. A series of nouns signifying ‘expense of’, or ‘wagers for’, are formed from Verbs, thus:

खणाणीکڻاڻي  Expense for carrying from खणणु  کڻڻُ‘To lift’.

चाराणीچاراڻي  Expense of grazing from चारणुچارڻُ  ‘To graze’.

धुआरिणीڌُئارِڻي  Wages for washing from धुअणुڌُئڻُ  ‘To wash’.

  1. 180. PATRONYMICS are formed by affixing आणीآڻي to the proper name, and are often used for subdividing tribes into families: as,

 

आडु॒आणीآڏُئاڻي

The son or descendant

of आडू॒آڏُو

सीतलाणीسيتلاڻي

Ditto

of सीतलुسيتلُ

शहदादाणीشهداداڻي

Ditto

of शहदादुشهدادُ

बागाणीباگڻي

Ditto.

of बागोباگو

  1. ADJECTIVES are formed in a great variety of ways.

वाणिकोواڻِڪو

Of a Hindoo

from वाण्योواڻيو

A Hindoo

हाणोकोهاڻوڪو

Of the present time

from हाणेهاڻي

Now

रातोकोراتوڪو

Of last night

from रातिراتِ

Night

रातूणोراتوڻو

डा॒डा॒णोڏاڏاڻو

Of a father’s father

from डा॒डो॒ڏاڏو

A paternal grandfather.

फकीराणोفقيراڻو

Of a fukeer

from फकीरुفقيرُ

A fukeer.

साखाइतोساکائتو

Honorable

from साखساک

Honor

काराइतोڪارائتو

Useful

from कारिڪارِ

Use

पाण्याठोپاڻياٺو

Damp

from पाणीپاڻي

Water

वार्यासोوارياسو

Sandy

from वारीواري

Sand

थारेलोٿريلو

Of the Thur

from थरुٿرُ

The Thur or desert

छापिरूڇاپِرُو

Of the hills

from छपरुڇپرُ

The highlands

बाखिरूباکِرُو

Of Bukhur

from बखरुبکرُ

Bukhur

धर्माऊڌرمائُو

Given in charity

from धर्मुڌرمُ

Charity

शर्माऊشرمائُو

Modest

from शर्मुشرمُ

Modesty

पुटेतोپُٽيتو

One having a son

from पुटुپُٽُ

A son

दयाबानुديابانُ

Merciful

from दयाديا

Mercy

दयालुديالُ

डु॒हारीڏُهاري

Criminal

from डो॒हुڏوهُه

Crime

उञायोاُڃايو

Thirsty

from उञاُڃ

Thirst

सघोسگھو

Strong

from सघسگھه

Strength

सघारोسگھارو

आन्यारोآنيارو

With eggs (a fish)

from आनीآني

Eggs (of a fish)

भागि॒योڀاڳِيو

Fortunate

from भागु॒ڀاڳُ

Fortune

बा॒किरोٻاڪِرو

Of a goat

from ब॒किरीٻڪِرِي

A goat

गा॒ओڳائو

Of a cow

from गं॒उँ

ڳنۡئُنۡ (ڳئون)

A cow

माह्योماهيو

Of a buffuloe

from मेंहिمينهِه

A buffaloe

लाड़ाईلاڙائي

Of lar

from लाड़ुلاڙُ

The country of Lar.

लाड़ीلاڙي

 

गो॒ठाईڳوٺائي , गो॒ठीڳوٺي

Of same village

from गो॒ठुڳوٺُ

A village

पाड़ेचोپاڙيچو

Of same neighbourhood

from पाड़ोپاڙو

A quarter of a town.

डु॒खीڏُکي

Painful

from डु॒खुڏُکُ

Pain

माठीणोماٺيڻو

Silent

from माठिماٺِ

Silence

डं॒दिरुڏندرُ

One having large teeth

from डं॒दुڏندُ

A tooth

खाब॒ड़ुکاٻڙُ

Left handed

from खबो॒کٻو

The left hand

वाधूواڌُو

More

from वधणुوڌڻُ

To increase

तगा॒ऊتڳائُو

Durable

from तग॒णुتڳڻُ

To last.

         
  1. 182. the following table shows a series of Pronominal Adjectives and Adverbs formed from the demonstrative, relative, correlative and interrogative pronouns.

Root.

Number or quantity.

Size

Kind.

Manner.

Place.

Direction.

Time

Largeness

Smallness.

ए اٖي

 

एतिरो

ايتِرو

एडो॒

ايڏو

एडि॒ड़ो

ايڏِڙو

इहड़ो

اهڙو

एंइँ

اينئِن

इते  اِتيor

इथेاِٿي

एडे॒ايڏي  or एड॒हों[1]ايڏهون

एसीं[2]

ايسين

हिंअर

هينئر

now.

And

And

And

And

And

And

And

And

And

हेهي

हेतिरो

هيتِرو

हेडो॒

هيڏو

हेडि॒ड़ो

هيڏِڙو

हिअड़ो

هِئڙو

हिँअ

هِنئَه

हितेهِتي  or

हितिهِتِ

हेडे॒هيڏي  or

हेड॒होंهيڏهون

हेसीं

هيسين

This

This much.

As large as this

As small as this.

Of this kind

In this way

Here.

In this direction

So long

 

ओ او

ओतिरो

اوتِرو

ओडो॒

اوڏو

ओडि॒ड़ो

اوڏِڙو

उहड़ो

اُهڙو

उँएँ

اُنئين

उतेاُتي  or

उथेاُٿي

ओडो॒  اوڏوor

ओडि॒ड़ोاوڏِڙو

ओसीं

اوسين

 

And

And                 

And

And

And

And

And

And

And

 

 

होهو

होतिरो

هوتِرو

होडो॒

هوڏو

होडि॒ड़ो

هوڏِڙو

हुअड़ो

هُئڙو

हुँअ

هُنئَه

हुतेهُتي  or हुतिهُتِ

होडो॒  هوڏوor

होड॒होंهوڏهون

होसीं

هوسين

 

 

That

That much.

As large as that

As small as that

Of that kind

In that way

there

In that direction

So long

 

 

जोجو

जेतिरो

جيتِرو

जेडो॒

جيڏو

जेडि॒ड़ो

جيڏِڙو

जिहड़ो

جهڙو

जिँअ

جِنئَه

जितेجِتِ  or

जिथे[3] جِٿي

जेडे॒  جيڏيor जेड॒होंجيڏهون

जेसीं

جيسين

जड॒हीं[4]

جڏهين

जड॒होको[5]

جڏهوڪو

What

As much

As large

As small

Of such kind

In whatever way

Where

In whatever direction

As long.

When.

From such time as

सोسو

सोतिरो

سوتِرو

तेडो॒

تيڏو

तेडि॒ड़ो

تيڏِڙو

तिहड़ो

تهڙو

तिँअ

تِنئَه

तिते تِتي  or तिथेتِٿي

तेडे॒ تيڌي  or तेड॒होंتيڏهون

तेसीं

تيسين

तड॒हीं

تڏهين

तड॒होको

تڏهوڪو

That

So much

So large

So small

Of same kind

In that way

There.

In same direction

So long.

Then.

From that time.

केरुڪيرُ

केतिरो[6]

ڪيتِرو

केडो॒

ڪيڏو

केडि॒ड़ो

ڪيڏِڙو

किहड़ो

ڪهڙو

किँअ

ڪِنئَه

किथेڪِٿي

केडे॒  ڪيڏيor केड॒होंڪيڏهون

केसीं

ڪيسين

कड॒हीं

ڪڏهين

कड॒होको

ڪڏهوڪو

Who?

How much?

How large?

How small?

Of what kind?

In what way?

Where?

In what direction?

How long?

When?

Since when?

                           

 

183.COMPOUNDS OF VERBS

INTENSITIVES. Formed by using the past conjuctive participle with वञुوڃُ  ‘to go’; as रहिजी वञणुرهجي وڃڻُ  ‘to be left’; पेही वञणुپيهي وڃڻُ  ‘to penetrate’ or with विझणुوِجھڻُ  ‘to cast’, as मारे विझणुماري وجھڻُ  ‘to kill’; फाड़े विझणुڦاڙي وجھڻُ  ‘to tear up’; or with छड॒णुڇڏڻُ  ‘to abandon’; as, वठी छड॒णुوٺي ڇڏڻُ  ‘to take’; मेड़े छड॒णुميڙي ڇڏڻُ  ‘to sweep up’ or with डि॒अणुڏيڻُ  ‘to give’ as चई डि॒अणुچئي ڏيڻُ  ‘to tell’; उछ्लाए डि॒अणुاُڇلائي ڏيڻُ  ‘to throw away’.

By prefixing पिओپِئو  the past participle of पवणु  پوڻُ‘to fall’, to the present tenses of other verbs or पईپئي  or पेईپيئي , its past conjunctive participle, to their past tenses; as पिओ रहेپئو رهي  ‘let it remain’; पिआ लिखनिپِئا لکن  ‘let them write’; काल्ह हिननि सजो॒ डिं॒हु पेइ खाधोڪالهه هنن سڄو ڏينهن پئي کاڌو  ‘they ate all day yesterday’.

IMPLYING HASTE as, खाई वठुکائي وٺُ  ‘eat up quick’, लिखी वठंदोلکي وٺندو , ‘he will write it off’.

POTENTIALS; as करे सघणुڪري سگھڻُ  ‘to be able to do’. जे आंउँ मारे सघांसि, मार्यांجي آئون ماري سگھانسِ، ته ماريان  ‘if I could beat him, I would.’

COMPLETIVES as खाई रहणुکائي رهڻُ  ‘to have done eating’; लिखी वठणुلِکي وٺڻُ  ‘to have finished writing’.

CONTINUATIVES. By using the present participle with the verb रहणुرهڻُ  as पड़्हंदो रहणुپڙهندو رهڻُ  ‘to continue reading’, or with वतणुوتڻُ  ‘to wander’; as, खाइंदो थो वतेکائندو ٿو وتي  ‘he goes on eating’; बकंदो वतंदोبڪندو وتندو  ‘he will keep on prating’.

INCEPTIVES. By using the verb लग॒णुلڳڻُ  ‘to come in contact’, ‘to apply’, with an inflected infinitive, as करणु लग॒णुڪرڻُ لڳڻ  ‘to begin to do’; पड़्हणु लग॒णुپڙهڻُ لڳڻُ  ‘to begin to learn’.

 

[1] Also एड॒हांايڏهان , एडँ॒हँايڏنهن , एडां॒हींايڏانهين , एडां॒होंايڏانهون  &c. each of which forms runs through the whole series.

[2] This set is generally used with तांईंتائين , तोणीتوڻي  or some of the other prepositions for ‘up to’, ‘till’, as, एसीतांईंايسيتائين  &c. It also refers to distance, and should then be translated ‘so far’, &c.

[3] Also जातेجاتي , जाथेجاٿي , जतेجتي , जथेجٿي , जतिجتِ , जितिجِتِ , जिथिجِٿِ . The Correlative and Interrogative, too, take all these forms.

[4] Or जडिँ॒हिँجڏنهن , तडिँ॒हिँتڏنهن  &c.

[5] or जड॒हाकुरجڏهاڪُر , तड॒हाकुरتڏهاڪُر  &c.

[6] कँओंڪَنۡئوۡن  ‘which’ or ‘what number’ is used referring to one number of figure among several.