CHAPTER IX. OF ADVERBS.

There are in Sindhi some Adverbs which can be reduced to no root in this tongue; as,

156. 156. Others are derived from nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs, or are formed by compounding these together.

From Nouns; as,

156. From Adjectives; as,

A list of those referring to place and time, formed from pronouns, will be found in para. 182.

158. From Verbs; as,

159. Compounded; as,

160. Formed by reduplication; as,

161. 161. Our English Adverbs, where derived from adjectives, are in Sindhi generally expressed by the adjective itself, as, हू चिटो थो गा॒ल्हाएهو چِٽو ٿو ڳالهائي ‘He speaks plainly’; or, using चिटोچِٽو as an adjective, हू चिटी गा॒ल्हि थो करेهو چٽي ڳالهه ٿو ڪري  ‘He uses plain speech’. हिन खे मूं आगा॒टो चिओ होهن کي مون آڳاٽو چِئو هو  ‘I told him before’. Some words, too, declined as adjectives cannot be used in connection with a Substantive, but seem to have a pure adverbial signification. They then, as with the adjectives in the examples given above, either agree with the noun the object or agent to the verb, or, especially where these are in any of the oblique cases, they remain uninflected; as, हिअ शइ सोघी रखुهيءَ شيءِ سوگھي رکُ  or हिन शइ खे सोघो रखुهِن شيءِ کي سوگھو رکُ  ‘Lay this thing by safely’; हिअ हिन कम खे सिघीهيءَ هن ڪم کي سِگھي  (or सिघो[2]سِگھو ) थी करेٿي ڪري  ‘She does this business quickly’; हिअ मूरिगो॒هيءَ مورِڳو  (or मूरिगी॒مُورڳي ) असां डे॒ डि॒सेई नथी, त गा॒ल्हाईंदी छा?اسان ڏي ڏِسي ئي نٿي، ته ڳالهائيندي ڇا؟  ‘She does not even look at us, so is it likely she will talk? हिअ जाल चिर्की आईهيءَ جال (زال) چِرڪي آئي  ‘This woman came late’. There is also in Sindhi a class of words formed from nouns by affixing आइतोآئتو , which may invariably be used either as adjectives or adverbs; as, महलाइतोمهلائتو  ‘seasonable’ or ‘at the proper time’, from महल  مهل ‘time’; हंधाइतो  هنڌائتو from हंधु هنڌُ‘in the proper place’, जसाइतो  جسائتوfrom जसुجسُ  ‘fame’, ‘renown.’
162. 162. The Negative Adverb नنه ‘not’ is generally prefixed to the verb with which it is used, or where that is formed by the aid of the auxiliary, the negative may be attached to the auxiliary itself. मمَ ‘not’, is seldom used, except with the imperative mood. मतांمتان  ‘not’, ‘forbid that’, is found only  with the present potential; as, हे कमु तूं मतां कीरंهي ڪمُ تون متان ڪرين ‘You must not do this thing’.        

OF PREPOSITIONS.

163. 163. Prepositions are, 1^st. Simple, or such as are used singly with the nouns they govern. Of these the most common are:

164. 164. 2^nd. Those, with which जे جي the oblique form of जोجو, may be used between the preposition and the noun governed. Among these are:

165. With the greater part of these, the जेجي may be used or not used at pleasure. With some it is generally necessary, but with others it is rarely found. Some, as अंदरिاندرِ (from अंदरुاندرُ  ‘the inside’), मथेمٿي  (from मथोمٿو  ‘the head’), may be considered as merely the inflected forms of nouns, having the prepositions, which govern them, omitted by ellipsis, as explained in Paras: 46 and 47.
166. 166. जोجو and संदो سندوadmit of gender, number and case, thus:

These are made to agree with the governing word, or person or thing possessed or connected; as हिअ जोड़ी मुंहुंजे हट जी आहेهيءَ جوڙي منهنجي هٽ جي آهي . ‘this piece of cloth belongs to my shop’; हू वथूं कँहिँजूं आंहिनिهو وٿون ڪنهنجون آنهنِ؟ ? ‘Whose are these things?’

‘I am not Punu’s equal: Punu is the crest of my head’.

The Playball, a poem.        

167. 167. संओँسنئون , सूधोسوڌو , साम्हुणोسامهُڻو , वेझोويجھو , वेझिड़ोويجھڙو , ओडो॒اوڏو and ओडि॒ड़ोاوڏِڙو admit of gender and number, as given above with संदोسندو ; but they are also often used with feminine and plural nouns without taking these inflections; as, हे पुटनि सूधाهي پٽن سوڌا  (or सूधोسوڌو ) आयाآيا  ‘They came with their sons’; हे शयूं भिति जे वेझ्यूंهي شيون ڀِتِ جي ويجھيون  (or वेझोويجھو ) रख्यूं आंहिनिرکيون آهن  ‘These things are placed near the wall’; हे जाल्यूं साहिब जे साम्हुण्यूهي جاليون صاحب جي سامهُڻيون  (or साम्हुणोسامهُڻو ) बीठ्यूं आंहिनिبيٺيون آهن  ‘These women are standing before the Sahib’; हिअ कञिरी राति सूधीهيءَ ڪڃِري رات سوڌي  (or सूधोسوڌو ) नचंदीنچندي  ‘This dancing girl will dance on through the night’.
168. 168. The prepositions आंئان , ऊंئُون , ओئو and अंउंئنئون are often affixed in compound with other prepositions; thus;

OF CONJUNCTIONS.

169. The Conjunctions are,

And a few others. There is nothing remarkable in these that requires observation.

OF INTERJECTIONS.

170.Of the Vocative Interjections, or those used in addressing, एاٖي , ओاو  and अइاَءِ , belong to either gender; अरेاري , ड़ेڙي  and अड़ेاڙي  are used only in speaking to males; and ईاِي , अरीارِي , ड़ीڙِي , अड़ीاڙِي  and अईاِئي to females. Of the others the most common are as follows:

[1] This, and some others of the same kind, are nothing more than nouns governed by the affix-preposition ओं ئون. See note in page 21. अंदरिاندر  and ओड़किاوڙڪ , too, given above, are simply nouns used as explained in para. 57.

[2] Though, as in these instances, both may be used with a feminine noun, the feminine termination could not be used with a masculine noun.

[3] ओंئون  is used generally by Hindoos, अंउंئنئُن  or औंاَون  by Musalmans. For the mode of using these see note in Page 21. आकुरآڪُر  is also with a like meaning affixed to nouns and adverbs of time; as राताकुरراتاڪُر  ‘since night’; कडि॒हाकुरڪڏهاڪُر  ‘since when?’

[4] खूکُو , खोंکون  and खंउکنئُه  or खौंکؤن  are also used. These are apparently compounds of खेکي ‘to’ and the prepositions आंآن , ऊंاُون  &c. above.

[5] अगे॒اڳي  and पोइپوءِ  especially when referring to time, often take खोंکون , खांکان  &c. Between them and the noun governed, instead of जेجي; as, तँहिँ खां पोइ हो आयोتنهن کان پوءِ هو ‘after that he came’. परेپري , too, has sometimes these prepositions used with it.

[6] These, and others so terminating, have four forms, taking also ऊंئُون  and अंउंئنئُنه  as their final vowels.

[7] संदोسندو  except in poetry, is rarely used otherwise than with a possessive pronoun affixed (See Para: 106). This preposition has, when thus used with the possessive pronouns, a rare power, reflecting from itself a more forcible reference to some person spoken of in the sentence than would be shown by employing the ordinary genitive sign जोجو ; as, मीरू मूं खे घणो थो भांएميرو مون کي گھڻو ٿو ڀانئي , जो आं संदुसि नोकरु आंह्यांجو آن سندُسِ نوڪرُ آنهيان  ‘The Mir has a great regard for me, as I am his own servant’; हू हट ते को न होهو هٽ تي ڪونه هو; हाणे आंउँ संदसि घरि थो वञांهاڻي آئون سندس گھرِ ٿو وڃان  ‘he was not in the shop; I am now going to his house.’